Motivation Measures

Individual differences in motivation are differences in the drives to engage or not engage in various behaviors. Motivation measures can be loosely partitioned into four groups:

1. Social desirability measures assess motivated self-presentation or social desirability. In other words, these measures assess how individuals present themselves to others.
2. Self-regulation measures assess the motivations underlying individuals' regulation of themselves as they pursue various goals.
3. Interpersonal motivation measures assess the motivations that drive individuals' interactions with others.
4. Fears, needs, and other measures assess psychological needs and fears or aversions as motivations. Many of these measures are cross-listed as measures of interpersonal motivation. We include measure of epistemic motivation within this category (as well as under measures of decision style). See also measures of ambiguity (in)tolerance.

Social Desirability

Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR)		Paulhus (1991)
Edwards Social Desirability Scale (Edwards SDS)		Edwards (1957)
Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS)		Crowne & Marlowe (1960)

Self-Regulation

Action-State Orientation (ASO)		Kuhl (1994)
Behavioral Inhibition Scale / Behavioral Activation Scale (BIS / BAS)		Carver & White (1994)
Desire for Self-Control Scale (DSCS)		Uziel & Baumeister (2017)
Regulatory Focus
Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ)		Higgins et al. (2001)
Self-Guide Strength Measure		Higgins et al. (1997)
General Regulatory Focus Measure (GRFM)		Lockwood et al. (2002)
Regulatory Mode Questionnaire (RMQ)		Kruglanski et al. (2000)
Response to Failure Scale (RTFS)		Zemack-Rugar et al. (2012)
Saving Personality		Otto et al. (2007)

Interpersonal Motivation

For related measures, see Constructs: Interpersonal
Some of these measures are also listed under Fears & Needs below
Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE)		Leary (1983)
Inequality Aversion
Equity Games
Dictator Game		Kahneman et al. (1986)
Ultimatum Game		Güth et al. (1982)
Reciprocity Games
Prisoners' Dilemma
Need for Affiliation and Achievement		Jackson (1967)
Need for Uniqueness (NFU)		Snyder & Fromkin (1977)
Self-Report Altruism Scale (SRA)		Rushton et al. (1981)
Social Value Orientation (SVO)
Ring Measure of Social Values		Liebrand (1984) Liebrand & McClintock (1988) McClintock (1978)
SVO Slider		Murphy et al. (2010)

Fears, Needs, & Other

Some of these measures are also listed under Interpersonal Motivation above or under Risk Attitude: Related Personality Traits
Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE)		Leary (1983)
Need for Affiliation and Achievement		Jackson (1967)
Need for Arousal		Figner et al. (2009)
Need for Uniqueness
Consumers' Need for Uniqueness		Tian et al. (2001)
Consumers' Need for Uniqueness - short form		Ruvio et al. (2008)
Need for Uniqueness (NFU)		Snyder & Fromkin (1977)
Need to Evaluate		Jarvis & Petty (1996)
Personal Fear of Invalidity		Thompson et al. (2001)
Personal Need for Structure		Thompson et al. (2001)
Resistance to Change (RTC)		Oreg (2003)
Epistemic Motivation
Also listed under Decision Style: Epistemic Motivation
For related measures, see also Ambiguity (In)Tolerance
Multidimensional Attitude towards Ambiguity Scale (MAAS)		Foscha et al. (in press)
Need for (Cognitive) Closure Scale (NFCS)		Webster & Kruglanski (1994)
Need for Cognition (NFC)
Need for Cognition (NFC)		Cacioppo & Petty (1982)
Need for Cognition - short form (NFC-short)		Cacioppo et al. (1984)
Personal Fear of Invalidity		Thompson et al. (2001)
Personal Need for Structure		Thompson et al. (2001)

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