Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063


Table of Contents

Description

History of Use

References

Description:

Purpose
The PANAS was designed to assess mood. It distinguishes between positive and negative affect. The PANAS can be used to assess mood on various time scales by altering the instructions. Possible time scales include moment, today, past few days, week, past few weeks, year, and general.
Questions
20 items using 5-point scales (1 = very slightly/not at all to 5 = extremely)
Sub-scales
2 sub-scales:
  • Positive Affect (PA)
  • Negative Affect (NA)
Domain

Psychometrics

Sample items
Indicate to what extent [insert applicable instructions, e.g. you have felt this way today].
  • Interested
  • Irritable

References:

Scale:
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

Uses:
  • Kim, M.Y., Kanfer, R. (2009). The Joint Influence of Mood and a Cognitively Demanding Task on Risk-taking. Motivation and Emotion, 33(4), 362-372. doi: 10.1007/s11031-009-9147-z


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