Cognitive Style (CSI)

Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1996). The Cognitive Style Index: A measure of intuition-analysis for organizational research. Journal of Management Studies, 33(1), 119-135. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1996.tb00801.x

The CSI will soon be available for purchase.

	Table of Contents
	Description
	History of Use
	References

Description:

Purpose		The CSI was designed to assess preferences for information processing. It distinguishes between 2 cognitive styles. An intuitive style emphasizes feelings, open-endedness, and a global perspective. An analytical style emphasizes reasoning, detail, and structure.
Questions		38 items using 3-point ratings (true, uncertain, false).
Sub-scales		N/A (although there is some debate about whether the measure is unipolar or bipolar)
Domain		Career / Vocational Research
Psychometrics		The CSI was top-rated in a review of measures of cognitive and learning styles conducted by Coffield, Moseley, Hall, & Ecclestone (2004). For more information, please refer to the reviews.
Sample items		Formal plans are more of a hindrance than a help in my work.

References:

Scale:

Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1996). The Cognitive Style Index: A measure of intuition-analysis for organizational research. Journal of Management Studies, 33(1), 119-135. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1996.tb00801.x

Reviews:

Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., & Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre. Click here for more information.

Stringer, P. (2005). A question of style. The Psychologist, 18(6), 366-367.

Uses:

Acedo, F. J., & Florin, F. J. (2006). An entrepreneurial cognition perspective on the internationalization of SMEs. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 49-67. doi: 10.1007/s10843-006-0482-9

Acedo, F. J., & Florin, F. J. (2007). Understanding the risk perception of strategic opportunities: A tripartite model. Strategic Change, 16(3), 97-116. doi: 10.1002/jsc.787

Allinson, C. W. (2001). The Cognitive Style Index. In J. Maltby, C. A. Lewis & A. Hill (Eds.), Commissioned Reviews of 250 Psychological Tests (pp. 169-172). Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.

Allinson, C. W., Armstrong, S. J., & Hayes, J. (2000). The effects of cognitive style on leader-member exchange: A study of manager-subordinate dyads. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(2), 201-220. doi: 10.1348/096317901167316

Allinson, C. W., Chell, E., & Hayes, J. (2000). Intuition and entrepreneurial behavior. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 31-43. doi: 10.1080/135943200398049

Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (2000). Cross-national differences in cognitive style: Implications for management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1), 161-170. doi: 10.1080/095851900340042

Arikian, A. J. (2001). Men and women in test situations: The effect of decision style on cheating behaviour. Unpublished Thesis. Hamilton College, Clinton, NY.

Armstrong, S. J. (2000). The influence of individual cognitive style on performance in management education. Educational Psychology, 20(3), 323-339. doi: 10.1080/014434100750018020

Armstrong, S. J. (2004). The impact of supervisors' cognitive styles on the quality of research supervision in management education. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(4), 599-616.

Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (1997). The implications of cognitive style for the management of student-supervisor relationships. Educational Psychology, 17(1 & 2), 209-217. doi: 10.1348/0007099042376436

Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (2002). Formal mentoring systems: An examination of the effects of mentor/protégé cognitive styles on the mentoring process. Journal of Management Studies, 39(8), 1111-1137. doi: 10.1111/1467-6486.00326

Armstrong, S. J., Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (2004). The effects of cognitive style on research supervision: A study of student-supervisor dyads in management education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(1), 41-63.

Armstrong, S. J., & Priola, V. (2001). Individual differences in cognitive style and their effects on task and social orientations of self-managed work teams. Small Group Research, 32(3), 283-312. doi: 10.1177/104649640103200302

Backhaus, K., & Liff, J. P. (2007). Cognitive Style Index: Further investigations of the factor structure with an American student sample. Educational Psychology, 27(1), 21-31. doi: 10.1080/01443410601061348

Backhaus, K., & Liff, J. P. (2007). Cognitive styles and approaches to studying in management education. Journal of Management Education, 31(4), 445-466. doi: 10.1177/1052562905284674

Brigham, K. H., De Castro, J. O., & Shepherd, D. A. (2007). A person-organization fit model of owner-managers’ cognitive style and organizational demands. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(1), 29-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00162.x

Chang, C. K. (2005). Intuitive-analysis style and EFL listening strategies. Annual Review of Education, Communication and Language Science, 2, 1-18.

Corbett, A. C. (2007). Learning asymmetries and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 97-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.10.001

Doucette, P. A., Kelleher, W. E., Murphy, H. J., & Young, J. D. (1998). Cognitive style and law students in Eastern Canada: Preliminary findings. College Student Journal, 32(2), 206-214.

Downey, L. A., Papageorgiou, V., & Stough, C. (2006). Examining the relationship between leadership, emotional intelligence and intuition in senior female managers. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 27(4), 250-264. doi: 10.1108/01437730610666019

Evans, C. (2004). Exploring the relationship between cognitive style and teaching style. Educational Psychology, 24(4), 509-530. doi: 10.1080/0144341042000228870

Fenton-O'Creavy, Nicholson, N., Soane, E., & Willman, P. (2004). Risks, Decisions and Management in Financial Markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fitzgerald, P., & Young, J. (2002). Canadian EMBA and MBA participants’ cognitive styles: Implications for management education. Proceedings of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences Conference, Las Vegas, NV.

Graff, M. (2003). Individual differences in sense of classroom community in a blended learning environment. Journal of Educational Media, 28(2 & 3), 203-210. doi: 10.1080/1358165032000165635

Graff, M. (2005). Information recall, concept mapping, hypertext usability and the analyst-intuitive dimension of cognitive style. Educational Psychology, 25(4), 409-422. doi: 10.1080/01443410500041813

Graff, M., Davies, J., & McNorton, M. (2004). Cognitive style and cross-cultural differences in internet use and computer attitudes. European Journal of Open Distance and E-Learning, 2.

Graff, M. G. (2002). Learning from hypertext and the analyst-intuition dimension of cognitive style. Proceedings of E-Learn, Montreal, Canada.

Graff, M. G., & Davies, J. (2005). Cognitive style, approaches to e-learning and e-learning satisfaction. Psychology of Education Review, 29(1), 27-33.

Graff, M. G., Davies, J., & McNorton, M. (2003). Cross-cultural differences in computer attitudes and computer use between UK and Chinese students. //Proceedings of E-Learn//, Phoenix, AZ.

Groves, K., Vance, C., & Paik, Y. (2008). Linking linear/nonlinear thinking style balance and managerial ethical decision-making. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(2), 305-325. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9422-4

Hayes, J., & Allinson, C. W. (1997). Learning styles and training and development in work settings: Lessons from educational research. Educational Psychology, 17(1&2), 185-193. doi: 10.1080/0144341970170114

Hayes, J. & Allinson, C. W. (1998). Cognitive style and the theory and practice of individual and collective learning in organizations. Human Relations, 51(7), 847-871. doi: 10.1177/001872679805100701

Hayes, J., Allinson, C. W., & Armstrong, S. J. (2004). Intuition, women managers and gendered stereotypes. Personnel Review, 33(4), 403-417. doi: 10.1108/00483480410539489

Hayes, J., Allinson, C. W., Hudson, R. S., & Keasey, K. (2003). Further reflections on the nature of intuition-analysis and the construct validity of the Cognitive Style Index. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(2), 269-278. doi: 10.1348/096317903765913731

Hill, J., Puurula, A., Sitko-Lutek, A., & Rokowska, A. (2000). Cognitive style and socialisation: an exploration of learned sources of style in Finland, Poland and the UK. Educational Psychology, 20(3), 285-305. doi: 10.1080/713663746

Hmieleski, K., & Corbett, A. C. (2006). Proclivity for improvisation as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(1), 45-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00153.x

Hodgkinson, G., & Sadler-Smith, E. . (2003). Complex or unitary? A critique and empirical re-assessment of the Allinson–Hayes Cognitive Style Index. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(2), 243-268. doi: 10.1348/096317903765913722

Hodgkinson, G. P., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2003). Reflections on reflections … on the nature of intuition, analysis and the construct validity of the Cognitive Style Index. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(2), 279-281. doi: 10.1348/096317903765913740

Hong, S.-Y. (2006). Television viewing and cognitive styles. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Alabama.

King, P., & O’Driscoll, S. (2002). Gender and learning: A study of the learning styles of women and men and their implications for further education and training. Shannon, Ireland: Shannon Curriculum Development Centre.

Krabuanrat, K. (1997). Strategic decision making for Thai executives. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. University of Surrey.

La Pira, F., & Gillin, M. (2006). Non-local intuition and the performance of serial entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 3(1), 17-35. doi: 10.1504/IJESB.2006.008660

Lofstrom, E. (2005). //Intuition and Analysis at Work: The Role of Cognitive Style in Experiences of Work Contexts//. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University Press.

MacGillivary, A. C. (1999). Cognitive style of undergraduates in tourism and hospitality management. //Psychological Reports//, 85, 481-486.

Mangina, E., & Mowlds, F. (2007). Sino-Irish teaching dynamics through learning styles' awareness. Multicultural Education & Technology Journal, 1(4), 222-237. doi: 10.1108/17504970710832826

Meszaros, M. (2007). //Multiattribute judgment and nonconscious cognition: Further characterization of the deliberation–without-attention effect//. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Capella University.

Moore, S., O’Maidin, D., & McElligott, A. (2003). Cognitive styles among computer systems students: Preliminary findings. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 14(2), 45-67. doi: 10.1007/BF02940938

Murphy, H. J., Doucette, P. A., Kelleher, W. E., Reid, J. G., & Young, J. D. (2001). The Cognitive Style Index and the legal profession in Nova Scotia: A factor-analytic study. North American Journal of Psychology, 3(1), 123-130

Murphy, H. J., Kelleher, W. E., Doucette, P. A., & Young, J. D. (1998). Test-retest reliability and construct validity of the Cognitive Style Index for business undergraduates. Psychological Reports, 82, 595-600. doi:10.2466/PR0.82.2.595-600

Murphy, H. J., MacGillivary, A. C., Reid, J., & Young, J. D. (1999). Cognitive style differences between cooperative and non-cooperative education undergraduates: Some preliminary findings. //Journal of Cooperative Education and Internships//, 34(1), 54-61.

Phelps, B., & Krabuanrat, O. (1999). Cultural effects in East Asian strategic decision-making. Asia Pacific Business Review, 6(2), 44-58. doi: 10.1080/13602380012331289200

Priola, V., Smith, J. L., & Armstrong, S. J. (2004). Group work and cognitive style: A discursive investigation. Small Group Research, 35(5), 565-595. doi: 10.1177/1046496404265143

Sadler-Smith, E. (1999). Intuition-analysis cognitive style and learning preferences of business and management students: A UK exploratory study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14(1), 26-38. doi: 10.1108/02683949910254729

Sadler-Smith, E. (1999). Intuition-analysis style and approaches to studying. Educational Studies, 25(2), 159-173. doi: 10.1080/03055699997882

Sadler-Smith, E., Allinson, C. W., & Hayes, J. (2000). Learning preferences and cognitive style: Some implications for continuing professional development. Management Learning, 31(2), 239-256. doi: 10.1177/1350507600312006

Sadler-Smith, E., Spicer, D. P., & Tsang, F. (2000). Validity of the Cognitive Style Index: Replication and extension. British Journal of Management, 11(2), 175-181. doi: 10.1111/1467-8551.t01-1-00159

Sadler-Smith, E., & Tsang, F. (1998). A comparative study of approaches to studying in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. //British Journal of Educational Psychology//, 68(1), 81-93.

Sarmany-Schuller, I., & Simuth, J. (2006). Impact of students' cognitive style characteristics on the perception of barriers in online education. Studia Psychologica, 48(3), 265-272.

Savvas, M., El-Kot, G., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2001). Comparative study of cognitive styles in Egypt, Greece, Hong Kong and the UK. International Journal of Training and Development, 5(1), 64-73. doi: 10.1111/1468-2419.00122

Shaw, J. B., Fisher, C. D., & Southey, G. (1999). Evaluating organizational behavior teaching innovations; More rigorous designs, more relevant criteria, and an example. Journal of Management Education, 23(5), 509-536. doi: 10.1177/105256299902300505

So, S., & Smith, M. (2002). Colour graphics and task complexity in multivariate decision making. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 15(4), 565-593. doi: 10.1108/09513570210440603

Song, H., Venkatraman, N., Hansen, C., & Singh, G. (2005). Enhancing course content by cognitive styles: A case study with bioinformatics at high schools. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference, Oakland University, Rochester, MI.

Spicer, D. P. (2004). The impact of approaches to learning and cognition on academic performance in business and management. Education + Training, 46(4), 194-205. doi: 10.1108/00400910410543982

Tanova, C. (2003). Cognitive styles and learning preferences of undergraduate business students in North Cyprus. Psychological Reports, 93, 1149-1155. doi: 10.2466/PR0.93.8.1149-1155

Taylor, W. A. (2004). Computer-mediated knowledge sharing and individual user differences: An exploratory study. European Journal of Information Systems, 13(1), 52-64. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000484

Vance, C. M., Groves, K. S., Paik, Y., & Kindler, H. (2007). Understanding and measuring linear–nonlinear thinking style for enhanced management education and professional practice. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 6(2), 167-185.

Wai-kit Ma, W., Li, P., & Clark, T. H. K. (2006). Examining the cognitive style effects on the acceptance of online community weblog systems. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences.

Young, J. D., Doyle, W., & Fisher, R. (2002). Entrepreneurs: Relationships between cognitive style and entrepreneurial drive. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 16(2), 2-20.